Apoptosis, proliferation, and sex steroid receptors in endometrium and endometrial carcinoma
نویسنده
چکیده
................................................................................................................... 5 CONTENTS.................................................................................................................... 6 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 8 PAPERS.......................................................................................................................... 9 GENERAL INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 11 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 13 1. Apoptosis ............................................................................................................... 13 2. Proliferation ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Regulation of cell cycle by estrogen and progesterone.................................. 15 2.2. Monitoring proliferation and apoptosis.......................................................... 15 2.2.1. Proliferation ............................................................................................. 15 2.2.2. Apoptosis ................................................................................................. 15 2.3. Other regulators of apoptosis and proliferation.............................................. 16 2.3.1. Bcl-2......................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2. P53 ........................................................................................................... 17 3. Ovarian hormones.................................................................................................. 17 3.1. Estrogens ........................................................................................................ 17 3.2. Progesterone ................................................................................................... 19 4. Receptors ER and PR............................................................................................. 19 4.1. ER ................................................................................................................... 19 4.2. PR ................................................................................................................... 20 4.3. ER and PR in cyclic endometrium ................................................................. 20 4.4. ER and PR in postmenopausal endometrium................................................. 20 4.5. ER and PR in endometrial carcinoma ............................................................ 21 4.6. Heterogeneity of receptor expression............................................................. 21 5. The homeostasis of benign endometrium .............................................................. 21 5.1. Proliferation in endometrium ......................................................................... 22 5.2. Apoptosis in endometrium during the menstrual cycle.................................. 22 5.3. Paracrine mechanisms in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in endometrium during the menstrual cycle .............................................................. 22 5.4. Menstruation mechanisms .............................................................................. 23 5.5. Apoptosis and proliferation in postmenopausal endometrium: effects of HRT24 6. Endometrial carcinoma .......................................................................................... 25 6.1. Epidemiological aspects ................................................................................. 25 6.2. Classification and prognostic factors ............................................................. 26 6.3. Carcinogenesis................................................................................................ 26 6.4. Homeostasis in endometrial carcinoma.......................................................... 27 6.5. Growth factors and endometrial carcinoma ................................................... 27 6.6. Estrogen metabolism in endometrial carcinoma ............................................ 28 6.7. Progesterone therapy of endometrial carcinoma ............................................ 28 AIMS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................... 29 METHODS ................................................................................................................... 30 1. Ethical considerations ............................................................................................ 30
منابع مشابه
بررسی ایمونوهیستوشیمی بروز گیرندههای استروژن و پروژسترون در انواع هیپرپلازی و کارسینوم آندومتریویید آندومتر
Background: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy however, mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain obscure. Endometrial carcinoma has been classified into two major categories: type I (related to estrogen or endometrioid adenocarcinoma) and type II (unrelated to estrogen). Estrogen is the main trigger for the abnormal proliferation in the endometrial epithel...
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